Gene expression profiles of pro-inflammatory mediators in the conjunctiva of patients with epiblepharon

Purpose To investigate the gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in the conjunctiva of pediatric patients with epiblepharon in a case-control study. Methods Twenty healthy controls and 15 pediatric patients with epiblepharon were enrolled from April 23, 2020 to June 15, 2020. Epiblepharon severity was divided into class I-III (least to moderate severity) and class IV (most severe). We obtained impression cytologic specimens from the medial palpebral conjunctiva of the participants to measure the gene expression of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results The mean age in the epiblepharon group was 9 years (range 7.5-11 years), and that in the healthy control group was 9.5 years (range 8-11.3 years). IL-1 beta, IL-6, and MMP9 expression levels were 2.08 (p < 0.05), 2.11 (p < 0.05), and 2.48 (p < 0.05) fold higher, respectively, in the epiblepharon group than in the healthy control group. However, MUC5AC gene expression was not different between healthy subjects and patients with epiblepharon. IL-1 beta, IL-6, and MMP9 expression levels in class IV patients were 1.32 (p < 0.05), 1.77 (p < 0.05), and 1.98 (p < 0.05) fold higher, respectively, than in class I-III patients. Conclusion Epiblepharon may induce chronic inflammatory changes in the conjunctiva in addition to corneal epithelial damage. Therefore, early corrective surgery should be considered to prevent conjunctival inflammation.