Impact of Prey Refuge in a Diffusive Prey Predator Model with Prey Harvesting, Mutually Interfering Predator and Additional Food for Predator

In this paper, various patterns in a predator–prey system with prey refuge are investigated where mutually interfering predator, prey harvesting, and additional food for predators are present. In the prey–predator system, the impact of prey refuge on the population dynamics receive significant attention from researchers recently. Numerically it is shown that various types of patterns may occur due to the parameter related to prey refuge. Also analytically it is observed that Turing instability in a diffusive prey–predator system can only arise if the diffusive coefficients of both species are sufficiently different. We show that both the additional food and prey refuge can modify the overall structure of an ecosystem with varying density scales. Finally, we give biological justification of patterns for ecological important parameters like prey refuge and additional food in presence of prey harvesting. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature India Private Limited.