Insect traces on early Permian plants of India

The study of fossil leaves from the Glossopteris flora of the Lower Permian Gondwana sequence of the Barakar Formation of the Raniganj Coalfield, India, has revealed the presence of different types of insect traces. The structures are compatible with a variety of insect activities on fossil leaves. Nibbled and cuspate margins, trench marks, obliterated surfaces, blotch marks, and holes of various shape constitute feeding traces, whereas egg pouches along the midrib and irregularly distributed oviposition marks are traces of egglaying. Although fossil records of both insects and their activities in the Glossopteris flora of India remain scarce, the different types of insect traces identified in the present study demonstrate the existence of a diverse insect fauna during the Permian Period of India.