Combined Methods for Quantifying End-Uses of Residential Indoor Water Consumption

This study aims to develop a suitable tool for understanding the end-uses of indoor water consumption (e.g., toilet, kitchen, bathroom, clothes washing) in developing countries. Both direct metering and questionnaire survey were conducted for each end-use in the surrounding areas of Hanoi, Vietnam. We measured the detailed end-uses of residential indoor water, the disaggregation of total consumption of individual household into a number of end-uses, and conducted a detailed questionnaire survey on water use behaviour. A tablet-based questionnaire was used and it proved effective in terms of usability and data collection. The results suggest that the combination of direct metering, questionnaire survey, and toilet tank and shower flow rate measurement is the best method for understanding residential indoor water use. © 2017, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.