Transfer Matrices and Partition-Function Zeros for Antiferromagnetic Potts Models. I. General Theory and Square-Lattice Chromatic Polynomial

We study the chromatic polynomials (= zero-temperature antiferromagnetic Potts-model partition functions) PG(q) for m×n rectangular subsets of the square lattice, with m≤8 (free or periodic transverse boundary conditions) and n arbitrary (free longitudinal boundary conditions), using a transfer matrix in the Fortuin–Kasteleyn representation. In particular, we extract the limiting curves of partition-function zeros when n→∞, which arise from the crossing in modulus of dominant eigenvalues (Beraha–Kahane–Weiss theorem). We also provide evidence that the Beraha numbers B2,B3,B4,B5 are limiting points of partition-function zeros as n→∞ whenever the strip width m is ≥7 (periodic transverse b.c.) or ≥8 (free transverse b.c.). Along the way, we prove that a noninteger Beraha number (except perhaps B10) cannot be a chromatic root of any graph.