Fault diagnosis of rotating machinery based on kernel density estimation and Kullback-Leibler divergence

Based on kernel density estimation (KDE) and Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLID), a new data-driven fault diagnosis method is proposed from a statistical perspective. The ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) together with the Hilbert transform is employed to extract 95 time-and frequency-domain features from raw and processed signals. The distance-based evaluation approach is used to select a subset of fault-sensitive features by removing the irrelevant features. By utilizing the KDE, the statistical distribution of selected features can be readily estimated without assuming any parametric family of distributions; whereas the KLID is able to quantify the discrepancy between two probability distributions of a selected feature before and after adding a testing sample. An integrated Kullback-Leibler divergence, which aggregates the KLID of all the selected features, is introduced to discriminate various fault modes/damage levels. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated via the case studies of fault diagnosis for bevel gears and rolling element bearings, respectively. The observations from the case studies show that the proposed method outperforms the support vector machine (SVM)-based and neural network-based fault diagnosis methods in terms of classification accuracy. Additionally, the influences of the number of selected features and the training sample size on the classification performance are examined by a set of comparative studies.