Attitudes towards use of anabolic-androgenic steroids among Ghanaian high school students

Background: This study is a pioneering exploration of nonmedical anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use among Ghanaian high school students. Methods: Of 2683 students contacted, 2597 (1412 females) participated in a survey (response rate = 96.8%). Participants (age range = 11-35 years, M = 17.2, SD = 1.4) provided information on demographics, sports participation, and nonmedical AAS use. Results: The overall lifetime prevalence of use was 3.8% (males = 4.9%, females = 3.1%). Moreover, 18.5% reported having an acquaintance that has used AAS while 6.0% of the sample had previously been offered AAS. However, none of the MS users provided a valid name of the MS they had used. Use and intent to use MS was also significantly higher among males, teenagers (versus over 19-year-olds), athletes (versus recreational sportspeople, and nonathletes), and participants in ball games (versus other sports). Female gender, parental absence, religiosity, and participation in jogging had significant positive association with MS use attitudes whereas participation in martial arts, and swimming had significant negative association with AAS use attitudes. Conclusions: The high prevalence of use and intent to use AAS among Ghanaian high school students should be of concern to authorities. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.