Modulation of pro-inflammatory mediator and metalloproteinase expression in human synoviocytes

Pro-inflammatory mediator and metalloproteinase expression leading to inflammation of cartilage and synovial tissue in the joint is suppressed by non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This suppression of inflammation is mediated through inhibition of cytokines, chemokines, and nitric oxide which has been attributed to disruption of the NF-kappa B (NF-kappaB) signaling pathway. More recently, dietary supplements exemplified by ginger extract have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory activity. However, little is known whether ginger extract also suppresses production of metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade cartilage. The present study aims to define whether ginger extract from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale and Alpinia galanga inhibits expression of TNF-alpha and COX-2 as well as MMP production in activated synoviocytes. Inhibition of MMP production by ginger extract may play a role in disease modification by minimizing the breakdown of cartilage.