Brief behavioral treatment for insomnia decreases trauma-related nightmare frequency in veterans

Study Objectives: Trauma-related nightmares are highly prevalent among veterans and are associated with higher-severity insomnia and posttraumatic stress disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (typically 6-8 sessions) has been shown to reduce trauma-related nightmares. Brief behavioral treatment for insomnia (BBTI, 4 sessions) has been found to be comparable to CBT-I in decreasing insomnia severity; however, the effects of BBTI on nightmares have not been investigated. The current study tested the effects of BBTI on both trauma-related nightmares and nontrauma-related bad dreams using an active control group treated using progressive muscle relaxation therapy. In addition, we tested whether baseline trauma-related nightmare frequency and baseline nontrauma-related bad dream frequency moderated changes in insomnia severity. Methods: Participants were 91 military veterans with insomnia disorder randomized to BBTI or progressive muscle relaxation therapy. Participants reported insomnia severity on the Insomnia Severity Index and reported trauma-related nightmare frequency and nontrauma-related bad dream frequency on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index-PTSD Addendum. Results: We found that BBTI significantly reduced trauma-related nightmares from baseline to posttreatment, whereas progressive muscle relaxation therapy did not. However, reductions in trauma-related nightmares were not maintained at the 6-month follow up. Neither BBTI nor progressive muscle relaxation therapy reduced nontrauma-related bad dreams from baseline to posttreatment. We also found that neither baseline trauma-related nightmare frequency nor baseline nontrauma-related bad dream frequency moderated changes in insomnia symptom severity. Conclusions: Findings from the current study suggest that BBTI may help reduce trauma-related nightmares. Further research is needed to better understand the potential mechanisms underlying how improved sleep may reduce trauma-related nightmares.