Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in local edible plants near a municipal landfill and the related human health risk assessment

The increase in municipal solid waste generation, along with high concentrations of heavy metals in environments near municipal landfill, has led to human health hazards. This study investigated heavy metal contamination in water, sediment, and edible plants near a municipal landfill, including the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and potential health risks. The heavy metal concentrations in the samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The concentrations of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) in water samples were not detected (ND), ND, 0.006 +/- 0.01 mg/L, and ND, respectively, and in sediment samples, the concentrations were 1.19 +/- 0.44, 3.20 +/- 0.62, 0.46 +/- 0.21, and 6.97 +/- 0.34 mg/kg, respectively. The highest concentrations of As (5.03 +/- 0.38), Pb (1.81 +/- 0.37), and Cd (1.93 +/- 0.13) were found in Marsilea crenata, whereas that of Cr (5.68 +/- 0.79) was detected in Ipomoea aquatica. The Cr concentration in all plant species exceeded the standard for vegetables. The BAF values followed the heavy metal concentrations. All plant species have a low potential for accumulating Pb and Cr. The edible plants in this study area might cause health hazards to consumers from As, Pb, and Cd contamination.