Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for hemospermia

In general, hemospermia represents a trivial condition: nevertheless, it is often alarming for the patient and his partner. Although differential diagnosis is comprehensive, the most frequent underlying causes are infections and inflammatory processes in the lower seminal passages. Cases of primary and solitary hemospermia can be adequately assessed by urinalysis, blood pressure measurement, and reassurance of the patient. Persistent and recurrent cases of hemospermia are best clarified by transrectal ultrasound examination, cystoscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Treatment is based rationally on the examination results.