Xeno-immunogenicity of ice-free cryopreserved porcine leaflets

Background: Undesirable processes of inflammation, calcification, or immune-mediated reactions are limiting factors in long-termsurvival of heart valves in patients. In this study, we target the modulatory effects of ice-free cryopreservation (IFC) of xenogeneic heart valve leaflet matrices, without decellularization, on the adaptive human immune responses in vitro. Methods: We tested porcine leaflet matrices from fresh untreated, conventionally cry-opreserved (CFC), and IFC pulmonary valves by culturing them with human blood mononuclear cells for 5 d in vitro. No other tissue treatment protocols to modify possible immune responses were used. Matrices alone or in addition with a low-dose second stimulus were analyzed for induction of proliferation and cytokine release by flow cytometry-based techniques. Evaluation of the alpha-Gal epitope expression was performed by immunohistochemistry with fluorochrome-labeled B4 isolectin. Results: None of the tested leaflet treatment groups directly triggered the proliferation of immune cells. But when tested in combination with a second trigger by anti-CD3, IFC valves showed significantly reduced proliferation of T cells, especially effector memory T cells, in comparison with fresh or CFC tissue. Moreover, the cytokine levels for interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-10 were reduced for the IFC-treated group being significantly different compared with the CFC group. However, no difference between treatment groups in the expression of the alpha-Gal antigen was observed. Conclusions: IFC of xenogeneic tissue might be an appropriate treatment method or processing step to prevent responses of the adaptive immune system. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.