Pyrogenic carbon facilitated microbial extracellular electron transfer in electrogenic granular sludge via geobattery mechanism

Electroactive pyrogenic carbon (PC) is an intriguing candidate for realizing the ambitious goals of large-scale applications of microbial electrochemical technologies (METs). In this study, PC was employed to promote the extracellular electron transfer (EET) within the electrogenic granular sludge (EGS) by acting as an electron conduit. The pecan shell-derived PC prepared at three temperatures (600, 800, and 1000 degrees C) contained rich oxygenated-functional moieties (mainly quinone) on the surface, endowing a good electron transfer capacity (EEC). The maximum current density (J(max)) of EGS with PC amendment outperformed the control EGS without PC amendment, i.e., 100-132 times higher than J(amx) of EGS in the absence of PC. Among various pyrolysis temperatures, the PC derived from 600 degrees C produced the highest J(max) (0.40 A/m(2)), 0.67-times, and 0.33-times higher than that of PC derived from 800 and 1000 degrees C, respectively. Furthermore, more polysaccharides were secreted in extracellular polymeric substance with PC amendments. The microbial community analysis demonstrated that the PC favored the growth of electroactive bacteria over methanogens. The metabolic pathway revealed that PC induced more functional enzymes in the quinone biosynthesis and cytochrome c and heme synthesis, resulting in an enhanced EET. The EEC of PC was responsible for the EET enhancement effect via PC acting as a geobattery to wire up the EGS and electrodes. Overall, this study pinpoints the finding of PC role in a mixed electroactive biofilm and provides a wide scenario of the PC applications in MET at large scales.