Shoulder elevation affects joint position sense and muscle activation differently in upright and supine body orientations

Objective: Investigate the effects of shoulder elevation on repositioning errors in upright and supine body orientations, and examine these effects on anterior and posterior deltoid muscle activation. We hypothesized decreased errors, and altered anterior and posterior deltoid activation with increasing elevation, in both orientations. Design: Crossover trial. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: Thirty-five college-aged participants. Intervention: Subjects attempted to replicate target positions of various elevation angles in upright and supine body orientations. Also, anterior and posterior deltoid activation was recorded in each shoulder position and body orientation. Main outcome measures: Vector and variable repositioning errors, anterior and posterior deltoid percentage of maximal contraction. Results: Vector error was greater in supine compared to upright at 90 and 110, but not at 70 degrees. Variable error was larger in supine than upright, but was unaffected by elevation. Anterior deltoid activation increased with elevation in the upright posture only. Posterior deltoid activation increased with elevation across postures. Conclusions: Muscle activation, external torque, and cutaneous sensations may combine to provide afferent feedback, and be used with centrally-generated signals to interpret the state of the limb during movement. Clinicians may prescribe open kinetic chain exercises in the upright posture with the shoulder elevated approximately 90-100 degrees. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.