Paleomagnetic insights into the Cambrian biogeographic conundrum: Did the North China craton link Laurentia and East Gondwana?

Redlichiid trilobite and small shelly fossils indicate strong ties of the North China craton (NCC) to Gondwana during the early Cambrian, while recent discoveries of the characteristic fossils of Laurentia in Wuliuan shales in the eastern NCC imply its possible connection with Laurentia during the middle Cambrian. Here we report a new paleomagnetic pole at 31.8?S, 140.4?E (radius of 95% confidence cone of paleomagnetic pole, A95, = 5.3?), obtained from the Wuliuan (ca. 505 Ma) Hsuchuang Formation, by averaging our new data and existing virtual geomagnetic poles acquired from different parts of the NCC. A positive regional tilt test and the presence of geomagnetic reversals demonstrate that the remanence was primary. The paleomagnetic data permit placing the NCC near 20?N between Laurentia and Australia at ca. 505 Ma, suggesting that the NCC may have played the role of biogeographic link between East Gondwana and Laurentia in the middle Cambrian. Low-latitudinal westward ocean currents may have facilitated faunal migrations from Laurentia to East Gondwanan blocks via the NCC as well as the newly formed tectono-paleogeographic archipelago, which likely further enhanced biological exchange in the late Cambrian.