Comparison of C-Band Scatterometer CMOD5.N Equivalent Neutral Winds with ECMWF

This article describes the evaluation of a C-band geophysical model function called C-band model 5.N (CMOD5.N). It is used to provide an empirical relation between backscatter as sensed by the spaceborne European Remote Sensing Satellite-2 (ERS-2) and Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) scatterometers and equivalent neutral ocean vector wind at 10-m height (neutral surface wind) as function of scatterometer incidence angle. CMOD5.N embodies a refit of CMOD5, a C-band model function, which was previously derived to obtain nonneutral surface wind, in such a way that its 28 tunable coefficients lead, for a given backscatter observation, to an enhancement of 0.7 m s(-1) in wind speed. The value of 0.7 m s(-1) is chosen to be independent of wind speed and incidence angle, and it incorporates the average difference between neutral and nonneutral wind (similar to 0.2 m s(-1)) and for a known bias of CMOD5 (similar to 0.5 m s(-1)) when compared to buoy wind data. The quality of the CMOD5.N to is successfully tested for the Active Microwave Instrument (AMI) scatterometer on ERS-2 and ASCAT instrument on Meteorological Operational-A (MetOp-A) for July 2007 and January 2008. ASCAT and ERS-2 wind speed obtained from CMOD5.N compares well on average with operational neutral wind front the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). In comparison with nonneutral wind, the local, seasonally dependent biases between scatterometer and ECMWF model are reduced. Besides effects introduced by sea state, orography, and ocean currents, a residual stability-dependent bias between scatterometer and neutral wind remains, which is likely connected to a nonoptimality in the ECM WE boundary layer formalism that is reported in the literature.