Geochemical and microbiological characteristics of sediments near the Malenky mud volcano (Lake Baikal, Russia), with evidence of Archaea intermediate between the marine anaerobic methanotrophs ANME-2 and ANME-3

Detailed lithological, biogeochemical and molecular biological analyses of core sediments collected in 2002-2006 from the vicinity of the Malenky mud volcano, Lake Baikal, reveal considerable spatial variations in pore water chemical composition, with total concentrations of dissolved salts varying from 0.1 to 1.8aEuro degrees. Values of methane delta D-13 in the sediments suggest a biogenic origin (delta D-13(min). -61.3aEuro degrees, delta D-13(max.) -72.9aEuro degrees). Rates of sulphate reduction varied from 0.001 to 0.7 nmol cm(-3) day(-1), of autotrophic methanogenesis from 0.01 to 2.98 nmol CH4 cm(-3) day(-1), and of anaerobic oxidation of methane from 0 to 12.3 nmol cm(-3) day(-1). These results indicate that methanogenic processes dominate in gas hydrate-bearing sediments of Lake Baikal. Based on clone libraries of 16S rRNA genes amplified with Bacteria- and Archaea-specific primers, investigation of microbial diversity in gas hydrate-bearing sediments revealed bacterial 16S rRNA clones classified as Deltaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Chloroflexi and OP11. Archaeal clone sequences are related to the Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Baikal sequences of Archaea form a distinct cluster occupying an intermediate position between the marine groups ANME-2 and ANME-3 of anaerobic methanotrophs.