Microzooplankton in the coastal Gulf of Alaska: Regional, seasonal and interannual variations

Microzooplankton communities in the coastal Gulf of Alaska (CGOA) were studied during two contrasting years: 2011, with a greatly reduced spring phytoplankton bloom, and 2013, with a robust spring bloom. Other sampling contrasts were season (spring, summer, fall) and region (eastern versus western shelf waters). Ciliates and dinoflagellates comprised nearly all microzooplankton in the >= 15 mu m size class. Many of the strongest contrasts in the biomass and taxonomic composition of the microzooplankton community were regional. The east had generally lower microzooplankton biomass levels and a greater proportion of ciliates than the west, even in the face of basin-wide seasonal and interannual contrasts. This difference is likely a consequence of the narrower shelf in the east, which leads to a lower productivity environment. Interannual differences in spring bloom intensity were reflected in microzooplankton biomass (higher in spring 2013, especially in the east), while interannual differences in taxonomic composition persisted throughout the year, with a greater representation of ciliates in 2011. Ciliate dominance could reflect adaptations to lower productivity conditions, with many of the largest taxa likely retaining chloroplasts as a strategy (mixotrophy) for survival during times of prey scarcity. Microzooplankton: phytoplankton biomass ratios varied widely over time and space. These ratios indicate that lower productivity regions (east) and seasons (summer) also tend to be locations and times of reduced trophic transfer efficiency from phytoplankton to ciliates and dinoflagellates. Ciliates and dinoflagellates can be preferred prey of mesozooplankton, including dominant CGOA copepod species. Thus multiple mechanisms conspire to reduce the flow of matter and energy to higher trophic levels in low productivity locations and time periods in the CGOA.