Assessment of Vitamin A and Vitamin E Levels in Patients with Controlled and Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-control Study

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes in India according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), Diabetes Atlas 2015 is reported to be 8.7%. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder, which results from body's insensitivity to insulin and affects humankind at an alarming pose. Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) is an important biomarker in assessing glucose level serologically. If HbA1c level is <7% the diabetes is said to be in controlled conditions. Vitamin A and E plays pivotal role as antioxidants in order to control oxidative stress which is an important contributing factor in diabetes mellitus by neutralising free radicals generated. Aim: To assess the antioxidants vitamin A and vitamin E levels in controlled and uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients and also to correlate the vitamin A and E levels with HbA1C in controlled and uncontrolled T2DM patients. Materials and Methods: The present case-control study was conducted for 12 months from January 2019 to December 2019 in the Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Belagavi, Karnataka, India. The blood samples were collected from KLE'S Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Center, Belagavi, Karnataka, India. A total of 110 subjects were divided into two group's controlled Group 1 (55) and uncontrolled Group 2 diabetes (55) on the basis of HbA1 c levels. Vitamin A and E levels were assessed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. HbA1c was estimated by using Bio-Rad D-10 HbA1c program. The data was assessed using Chi-square test, Independent t-test, and Karl-Pearson corelation test. Results: There were a total of 29 males and 26 females in controlled T2DM group and a total of 34 males and 21 females in uncontrolled T2DM group. The mean ages in controlled and uncontrolled T2DM subjects were 57.11 +/- 8.82 years and 54.22 +/- 7.93 years respectively, The HbA1c (%), vitamin E and vitamin A in controlled T2DM subjects were 6.01 +/- 0.56 years, 1.01 +/- 0.43 years and 21.66 +/- 7.94 years respectively. The HbAl c (%), vitamin E and vitamin A in uncontrolled T2DM subjects were 9.31 +/- 0.25 years, 0.58 +/- 0.29 years and 14.66 +/- 5.36 years respectively. Corelation of vitamin A and E with HbA1c was found to be non significant statistically. Conclusion: Vitamin A and E levels were comparatively higher in controlled diabetes patients in comparison to uncontrolled T2DM patients.