The Effects of Tree Trunks on the Directional Emissivity and Brightness Temperatures of a Leaf-Off Forest Using a Geometric Optical Model

As a surface component, the tree trunk affects the top-of-canopy (TOC) emissivity and thermal infrared (TIR) radiance over a forest with fewer leaves, which is important for the inversion of land surface temperatures (LSTs) and further applications such as predicting forest fires and monitoring drought conditions. Therefore, the tree trunk effect was analyzed in this article using a thermal radiation directionality model, in which the forest structure was considered by the geometric optical (GO) theory and the spectral invariance theory was introduced into the GO framework for the single-scattering effect between components. The model used was evaluated using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based measurements with rootmean-square errors (RMSEs) lower than 0.25 degrees C for directional anisotropies (DAs) of brightness temperatures (BTs). Comparison with a 3-D radiative transfer model, discrete anisotropic radiative transfer (DART), also indicated an acceptable tool of the proposed model for the trunk effect with RMSEs lower than 0.003 degrees C and 1.2 degrees C for DAs of emissivity and BTs, respectively. In this study, the root- mean-squared difference (RMSD) levels between the vegetation-soil and vegetation-trunk-soil canopies, which were viewed as an equivalent indicator of the trunk effect, were provided for the TOC emissivity and BTs as well as their DAs, by combination with the changes in the leaf area index (LAI), stand density, trunk shape, and component temperatures, which can help identify the cases in which the trunk effect should be considered. According to a comprehensive analysis, for cases with sparse stand density (alpha < 0.04), the tree trunk should be considered for a BT RMSD level lower than 0.5 degrees C when the LAI value was lower than 0.6. The corresponding LAI value was 0.8 for an RMSD level of BT DA lower than 0.3 degrees C. Moreover, for the cases with low soil emissivity, the difference in the TOC emissivity with and without trunk can reach up to 0.035, and the RMSD was still larger than 0.01 when the stand density and LAI were 0.05 and 0.6, respectively.