Grafting Methionine on 1F1 Ab Increases the Broad-Activity on HA Structural-Conserved Residues of H1, H2, and H3 Influenza a Viruses

A high level of mutation enables the influenza A virus to resist antibiotics previously effective against the influenza A virus. A portion of the structure of hemagglutinin HA is assumed to be well-conserved to maintain its role in cellular fusion, and the structure tends to be more conserved than sequence. We designed peptide inhibitors to target the conserved residues on the HA surface, which were identified based on structural alignment. Most of the conserved and strongly similar residues are located in the receptor-binding and esterase regions on the HA1 domain In a later step, fragments of anti-HA antibodies were gathered and screened for the binding ability to the found conserved residues. As a result, Methionine amino acid got the best docking score within the -2.8 angstrom radius of Van der Waals when it is interacting with Tyrosine, Arginine, and Glutamic acid. Then, the binding affinity and spectrum of the fragments were enhanced by grafting hotspot amino acid into the fragments to form peptide inhibitors. Our peptide inhibitor was able to form in silico contact with a structurally conserved region across H1, H2, and H3 HA, with the binding site at the boundary between HA1 and HA2 domains, spreading across different monomers, suggesting a new target for designing broad-spectrum antibody and vaccine. This research presents an affordable method to design broad-spectrum peptide inhibitors using fragments of an antibody as a scaffold.