Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic malignancies

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is an advanced personalized immunotherapy used in the treatment of many cancers. Basically, an immunotherapy uses the body's own immune system to detect and destroy the cancerous cells. The isolated T-cells from patients are genetically engineered to identify and target the elimination of cancer cells. Such T-cells, after genetic modification, are known as CAR-T cells. Most recently, the CAR-T cells are developed which show a remarkable ability to treat leukemia along with combinatorial treatment (e.g., Tisagenlecleucel) and lymphoma (e.g., Axicabtagene and Ciloleucel). Furthermore, these drugs have received FDA regulatory approval in the United States. Hence, more exploratory researches are the need of the hour in the CAR-T cell therapy of solid tumors to make it accessible and affordable for patients. The paper reviews various approaches and advancements of CAR-modified T-cell therapy, its persistence, and homing, along with the concept of universal CAR-T cell development. The usage of genetically engineered T-cells for treating B-cell tumor, especially B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, embodies how encouraging this restorative method can be for treating other nonhematopoietic cancers. Till date, the majority of scientific interventions have been conducted to address the hematopoietic malignancies. This review impels the requirement for directing further research concerning the nonhematopoietic malignancies and adds on more to the current information based on anticancer treatments.