Phage Wrapping with Cationic Polymers Eliminates Nonspecific Binding between M13 Phage and High p/Target Proteins

M13 phage have provided scaffolds for nanostructure synthesis based upon self-assembled inorganic and hard materials interacting with phage-displayed peptides. Additionally, phage display has been used to identify binders to plastic, TiO2, and other surfaces. However, synthesis of phage-based materials through the hybridization of soft materials with the phage surface remains unexplored. Here, we present an efficient "phage wrapping" strategy for the facile synthesis of phage coated with soluble, cationic polymers. Polymers bearing high positive charge densities demonstrated the most effective phage wrapping, as shown by assays for blocking nonspecific binding of the anionic phage coat to a high p/ target protein. The results establish the functional group requirements for hybridizing phage with soft materials and solve a major problem in phage display-nonspecific binding by the phage to high p/ target proteins.