Convolutional Neural Network Utilizing Error-Correcting Output Codes Support Vector Machine for Classification of Non-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury From Electroencephalogram Signal

A sudden blow or jolt to the human brain called traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common injuries recorded in the health insurance claim. Generally, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is required to identify the trauma's severity. Unfortunately, CT and MRI equipment are bulky, expensive, and not always available, limiting their use in TBI detection. Therefore, as an alternative, this study presents a novel classification architecture that can classify non-severe TBI patients from healthy subjects by using resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) as the input. The proposed architecture employs a convolutional neural network (CNN), and error-correcting output codes support vector machine (ECOC-SVM) to perform automated feature extraction and multi-class classification. In this architecture, complex feature selection and extraction steps are avoided. The proposed architecture attained a high-performance classification accuracy of 99.76%, potentially being used as a classification approach to preventing healthcare insurance fraud. The proposed method is compared to existing studies in the literature. The outcome from the comparisons indicates that the proposed method has outperformed the benchmarked methods by presenting the highest classification accuracy and precision.