Philosophy of Being in L. N. Tolstoy's Works of 1850-1860-Ies: a Man and Nature

The relevance of the research problem is due to the need to consider the dialectical relationship of the world of nature and world of the man in L. N. Tolstoy's works of 1850-1860-ies; to determine the direction chosen by the writer in the study of the complex relationship between micro -and macrouniverse; to reveal the regularities of the process of ethical philosophical and aesthetic understanding of the world by early L. N. Tolstoy. The purpose of the article is to derive the formula of the existential dialectics of L. N. Tolstoy, to differentiate the concepts of cultural / natural and intelligent / instinctive. The leading approach to the study of this problem is a comprehensive one that combines elements of hermeneutic, comparative, narrative and biographical methods. The article proves that L. N. Tolstoy in definite periods of his life interpreted differently the concepts of "nature" and "man". In 1850-1860-ies, he perceived "natural" as a synonym of vital, natural and absolute. Such a diverse semantics is explained, on the one hand, by the fact that nature is an objective world that exists independently of human consciousness; on the other hand, it is a fundamental property of nature, what is originally inherent in a man: the nature of character, the nature of the artistic image, the nature of a man. The world created by L. N. Tolstoy in his novel, is real, because it is based on the formula of existential dialectics: being adjoins to being. All phenomena, processes, objects of reality are considered by the writer according to the scheme: reality (being of essence) -existence (connection of things) -essence (sense of things). Relationship with " macrocosm", according to L. N. Tolstoy, colours a lonely man's stay in the world, lonely because a person is endowed with a pronounced personality that does not allow him to feel a link in the overall chain. Even that L. N. Tolstoy's character, who feels involved in the micro-process, cannot dissolve in it, since he is subject to the laws not only of the general, but also of individual existence. Exploring human nature, L. N. Tolstoy notes that the main cause of the misfortune of his characters is a conflict of cultural and natural, rational and instinctive principles. Emphasizing the complexity and richness of nature, the writer avoids direct and categorical judgments, differently assessing the "natural" in a man. On the one hand, instinct is the guarantor of life, as it allows you to adapt to its conditions, to survive, to find your place, to defend it. On the other hand, instinct is perceived as something secondary to the mind, a more primitive beginning. L. N. Tolstoy in 1850-1860-ies considered those characters being harmonious, viable and integral who combine the biological non-conflict with the spiritual one. The materials of the article are of practical value in the practice of University teaching for the development of training courses in Russian literature of the XIX century; in the development of training and teaching, tutorials; in lexicographical practice for the compilation of a new type of dictionary - L. N. Tolstoy's idioglossary.