Biologic therapies for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a typical autoimmune disease with a complex etiology, including the interaction of genetidepigenetic factors and environmental and hormonal factors with innate immune cells or B/T lymphocytes. Studies on possible therapeutic targets have been conducted in recent decades, motivated by developments in immunology and molecular engineering. The current treatment guidelines recommend conventional immunomodulation with glucocorticoid and antimalarial agents depending on disease severity. However, targeted therapy based on the diverse disease pathophysiology is still not established and widely applied. Furthermore, although rituximab, belimumab, and other conventional immunomodulators have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and are widely used, several clinical trials testing other biological products have failed to show satisfactory results. This review introduces novel biological agents that can potentially improve therapeutic performance in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. These agents include humanized anti-CD20, anti-CD22, and anti-CD4OL antibody; interferon a inhibitor; rigerimod; Bruton's tyrosine kinase; and immunocomplex blockers.