Passage Through a Bird's Gut Confers a Germination Head Start to the Seeds of the NightshadeWitheringia stramoniifolia

In frugivory networks, birds offer plants the advantage of dispersing their seeds away from the parent plants in exchange for macronutrients, primarily sugars, and water. The benefits for birds are clear, as they obtain food and water from fruits, and highly variable for plants, as birds may act in ways that vary from effective dispersers to seed predators. We studied two common species that interact frequently in the frugivory network of a Neotropical, periurban park: The clay-colored thrush (Turdus grayi) and a nightshade (Witheringia stramoniifolia), in order to evaluate the advantage of passing its seeds through a bird's gut. We set up an investigation using captive thrushes that we fed with fruits ofW. stramoniifolia. We had four experimental treatments: in two of them, seeds that had passed through the digestive tract of thrushes were germinated under greenhouse and controlled conditions; in the remaining two treatments, we germinated seeds that were not consumed by thrushes and were likewise germinated under greenhouse and controlled conditions.W. stramoniifoliaseeds consumed by birds had a germination onset that was 1 to 2 weeks earlier than nonconsumed seeds. Mean germination rate and final germinability, however, did not differ significantly among treatments. In our study, passage through a bird's gut accelerates the germination onset of seeds, an advantage that possibly enhances seedling establishment, but is not indispensable, for the dispersal ofW. stramoniifolia. This bird-plant relationship ultimately accounts to a true mutualism.