The relationship between external auditory canal temperature and onset of estrus and ovulation in beef heifers

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of body temperature fluctuations, as measured by external auditory canal temperature, to the onset of estrus and ovulation. Beef heifers (n = 44, mean age 23.5 +/- 0.4 months, mean weight 603.3 +/- 5.7 kg) were fitted with a Boviminder (R) ear tag 2 weeks before the start of the estrous synchronization protocol to allow acclimatization. The device recorded the temperature, accurate to 0.01 degrees Fahrenheit, every 10 min and transmitted the data via a base station over the internet where it could be accessed remotely. The estrous cycles of all heifers were synchronized using an 8-day progesterone-based synchronization program; on day 0 a PRID was inserted in conjunction with an injection of GnRH, and PGF2 alpha was administered the day before PRID removal. Heifers were checked for signs of estrus at 4-h intervals (i.e., 6 times per day) commencing 24 h after PRID withdrawal. Beginning 12 h after the onset of estrus, the ovaries were ultrasound scanned at 4-h intervals to determine the time of ovulation. Body temperature was recorded every 10 min and averaged to hourly means for the following 4 periods relative to the detected oestrus onset (=Time 0): Period I: 48 h to 7 h, Period II: -6 h to +6 h, Period III +7 h to ovulation, and Period IV: ovulation to 48 h post ovulation. Data were analysed using a Mixed Model ANOVA in SAS in a completely randomized design to observe effects of induced estrus on external auditory canal temperature. The mean (+/- SD) interval from removal of the PRID to onset of estrus activity was 46.6 +/- 14.7 h. The mean duration of estrus was 16.0 +/- 5.67 h and the mean interval from estrus onset to ovulation was 27.9 +/- 7.68 h. Highest temperatures (100.95 +/- 0.03 degrees F) were observed in Period II around estrus onset, whereas lowest temperatures were observed in the 48 h preceding estrus onset (100.28 +/- 0.03 degrees F; Period I) and around ovulation (100.30 +/- 0.2 degrees F; Period III)(P < .001). Indeed, around the time of estrus onset (Period II) mean temperature was 0.66 degrees F (P < .001) higher compared with Period I. Diurnal temperature rhythms were similar (P > .10) before (Period I) and after oestrus (Period III). In conclusion, a significant elevation in external auditory canal temperature was associated with estrus in beef heifers and was followed by a decline in temperature leading up to ovulation approximately 28 h later. Future studies are required to assess pregnancy rates following AI based on changes in external auditory canal temperature. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.