Instantaneous Respiratory Response of Gamer with High-Risk Internet Gaming Disorder during Game-Film Stimuli by Using Complementary Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition

Gamers with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) dynamically regulate their psychophysiological responses during playing; however, analyzing instantaneous psychophysiological responses in these gamers has been limited by a lack of appropriate methods. We propose combining the Complementary Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition and Direct Quadrature methods to overcome this limitation. The related effect of abdominal breathing (AB) training (as a relaxing psychology method) on the distribution of instantaneous frequency (IF) was investigated by calculating median (IFmed), kurtosis (IFkurt) and skewness (IFskew), and 19 participants with high-risk IGD (HIGD) were found to have increased IFmed [massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG): 0.36 +/- 0.08; first-person shooter game (FPSG): 0.34 +/- 0.08] but decreased IFkurt (MMORPG: 5.98 +/- 2.31; FPSG: 6.84 +/- 4.61) and IFskew (MMORPG: 0.40 +/- 0.69; FPSG: 0.64 +/- 1.04) during game-film stimuli compared with baseline and recovery states. After AB training, IFmed of these 19 participants (MMORPG: 0.24 +/- 0.11; FPSG: 0.18 +/- 0.06) decreased significantly. This study is firstly to observe the IF distribution of respiratory signal in gamers with HIGD; thus, this distribution may be used as a respiratory physiological marker of IGD risk.