Dual-triggered oxygen self-supply black phosphorus nanosystem for enhanced photodynamic therapy

Nonspecific distribution of photosensitizer and the intrinsic hypoxic condition in the tumor microenvironment are two key factors limiting the efficacy of O-2-dependent photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, a dual-triggered oxygen self-supported nanosystem using black phosphorus nanosheet (BPNS) as both photosensitizer and nanocarrier was developed to enhance PDT for tumors within hypoxic microenvironment. The BPNS platform was functionalized with folate and a blocker DNA duplex of 5'Cy5-aptamer-heme/3'-heme labeled oligonucleotides. The resulting heme dimer could passivate its peroxidase activity. After specific recognition of aptamer-target, the quenched fluorescence is "turned" on by cellular adenosine triphosphate. The passivated nanosystem then activates the catalytic function towards excessive intracellular H2O2 to generate O-2 essential to sustain BPNS-mediated PDT, leading to 8.7-fold and 7.5-fold increase of PDT efficacy in treating the hypoxic cell and tumor, respectively. Therefore, the dual-triggered oxygen self-supply nanosystem not only exerts tumor microenvironmentassociated stimulus for enhanced PDT but also surmounts hypoxia-associated therapy resistance. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.