Treatment strategy and long-term outcomes of primary intracranial rhabdomyosarcoma: a single-institution experience and systematic review

OBJECTIVE Primary intracranial rhabdomyosarcoma (PIRMS) is rare, and the effects of the treatment strategy on overall survival (OS) are unclear. This study aimed to evaluate risk factors pertinent to OS and to propose an optimal treatment strategy. METHODS Clinical data of patients with PIRMS treated at Beijing Tiantan Hospital and from the English-language literature between 1946 and 2018 were reviewed. A literature review was performed via Ovid, MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases using the terms "rhabdomyosarcoma," "intracranial," "cerebral," and " brain." Previously published data were processed and used according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. RESULTS There were 8 males (66.7%) and 4 females with PIRMS at our institution, with a mean age of 24.3 years. Gross-total resection was achieved in 4 patients (33.3%), and adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy were administered in 5 (45.5%) and 3 (27.3%) patients, respectively. After a mean follow-up period of 13.7 months, all patients developed local-regional recurrence and died of the disease. Twenty-nine cases (14 female and 15 male) were reported in the literature with a median age of 9.0 years. After a mean follow-up duration of 18.6 months, 13 patients (44.8%) developed recurrences, 7 patients (24.1%) had extracranial metastasis, and 14 patients (48.3%) died. In the pooled cases, adjuvant radiation (hazard ratio [HR] 0.089, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.027-0.288, p < 0.001) and age < 10 years (HR 0.227, 95% CI 0.077-0.666, p = 0.007) were independent predictors of good local-regional progression-free survival (LR-PFS). Adjuvant radiation therapy (HR 0.301, 95% CI 0.110-0.828, p = 0.020) and age < 10 years (HR 0.359, 95% CI 0.131-0.983, p = 0.046) were significant predictors for favorable OS in the multivariate model. CONCLUSIONS Due to the rarity of the disease, a poor outcome of PIRMS was demonstrated based on the pooled cohort. Use of radiation was associated with improved outcomes and should be considered to improve OS/LR-PFS. Further study is required to identify the optimal treatment regimen.