Looking Back to Look Forward: Federal Officials' Perceptions of Public Engagement

The authors of the Refounding volumes raised concerns about citizen inclusion in agency decision making. We respond by studying public participation in federal decision making through 61 interviews with federal officials. We examine the interviewees' candid perceptions of public engagement through three themes of the Refounding: the importance of deliberation, attention to whose words are heard, and facilitation of the processes of interaction. Our findings suggest that while agencies do work to engage the public, there are still many challenges to achieving meaningful public participation, which yields consequences for legitimacy and trust.