How does R & D internationalization in multinational firms affect their innovative performance? The moderating role of international collaboration in the energy industry

This paper examines the effects of the degree and geographic diversification of a firm's R & D internationalization on its innovative performance. We use an unbalanced panel dataset of 401 observations from 110 multinational firms operating in the energy industry over a period of six years to support the argument that both the degree and the geographic diversification of a firm's R & D internationalization have an inverted U-shaped relationship with a firm's innovative performance. Our results also show that collaboration among R & D units located in different countries moderates this relationship by reducing both the positive effects and the challenges of the degree of R & D internationalization. This paper extends the emerging innovation focus in the headquarters subsidiary literature by contributing to our understanding of the implications of the international R & D activities of firms and supports the utilization of social exchange theory in order to identify the moderating influence of the collaboration among a firm's R&D units located in different countries.