Graphene oxide nanoparticles for enhanced photothermal cancer cell therapy under the irradiation of a femtosecond laser beam

Nano-sized graphene and graphene oxide (GO) are promising for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery and photothermal therapy of cancer. It is observed in this work that the ultrafast reduction of GO nanoparticles (GONs) with a femtosecond laser beam creates extensive microbubbling. To understand the surface chemistry of GONs on the microbubble formation, the GONs were reduced to remove most of the oxygen-containing groups to get reduced GONs (rGONs). Microbubbling was not observed when the rGONs were irradiated by the laser. The instant collapse of the microbubbles may produce microcavitation effect that brings about localized mechanical damage. To understand the potential applications of this phenomenon, cancer cells labeled with GONs or rGONs were irradiated with the laser. Interestingly, the microbubbling effect greatly facilitated the destruction of cancer cells. When microbubbles were produced, the effective laser power was reduced to less than half of what is needed when microbubbling is absent. This finding will contribute to the safe application of femtosecond laser in the medical area by taking advantage of the ultrafast reduction of GONs. It may also find other important applications that need highly localized microcavitation effects. (C) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.