Galaxies: Lighthouses in the Shoals of Dark Halos

It is anticipated from hierarchical clustering theory that there are scaling relationships between halos over a wide range of mass. Observationally it can be difficult to identify the markers that characterize these relationships because of the small numbers of visible probes and confusion from contaminants in projection. Nonetheless, in favorable circumstances it is possible to identify a very useful marker: the radius of the caustic at second turnaround. In a few favorable circumstances it is possible to identify the radius of first turnaround or zero velocity surface about a collapsed region. It will be shown that specifically the radius of second turnaround scales as anticipated over three orders of magnitude in mass from 1012 to 10(15) M-circle dot. Halos are characterized by zones of dispersed velocities within the second turnaround caustic and zones of infall between the first and the second turnaround radii. The inner zone is populated in the majority by gas-poor morphologies and the outer zone is populated in the majority by gas-rich morphologies. The numbers of dwarfs within the inner zone is roughly constant per unit halo mass.