A Review of the Historical Evolution, Biomechanical Advantage, Clinical Applications, and Safe Insertion Techniques of Cervical Pedicle Screw Fixation

Cervical spine instrumentation is evolving with an aim of stabilizing traumatic and non-traumatic cases of the cervical spine with a beneficial reduction, better biomechanical strength, and a strong construct with minimal intraoperative, as well as immediate and late postoperative complications. The evolution from interspinous wiring till cervical pedicle screws has changed the outlook in treating the cervical spine pathologies with maximum 3D stability, decreasing the duration of postoperative immobilization and hospital stay. Some complications associated with the use of cervical pedicle screw can be catastrophic. This review article discusses the morphometry of cervical pedicle; indications, biomechanical superiority, tricks, and pitfalls of cervical pedicle screw; complications and technical advancements in targeting safe surgery; and future directions of cervical pedicle screw instrumentation.