Energy/Cost efficiency study on V2G operating mode for EVs and PHEVs

Major vehicle manufacturers started development of Electric Vehicles (EV) and electrified powertrains, pushed by the tougher and tougher emissions constraints. The growing number of EVs led to introduction of Vehicle to Grid (V2G) concept as an instrument to reduce the load variation during a day, bringing with it a reduction of energy prices during peakload. Since the introduction of V2G concept, a number of studies have been made to estimate the benefits which this technology could bring in multiple different scenarios. In this paper, we will try to highlight one of the main obstacles because of which the V2G concept is not widespread, specifically the low energy efficiency and low economic benefits, which are coming at a high level of costs.