Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Review of Clinical Syndrome, Imaging Findings, and Treatment

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a syndrome of unknown cause that is increasing in frequency. Patients who are typically women of childbearing age and obese present with headaches and may also present with visual changes that may become chronic. The purpose of this review is to describe the possible mechanisms for this disease and also to illustrate the ever increasing role of imaging in the diagnosis of this disorder. In addition, the various methods of treatment including medical and surgical will be reviewed. The fact that idiopathic intracranial hypertension has undergone many name changes over the years serves as a reminder that the underlying mechanism is still not well understood. Although there are only several possible mechanisms that can cause increased intracranial pressure, it is still not certain which of these mechanisms is involved. The role of imaging has significantly changed in the evaluation of patients with possible IIH. First, it is involved in ruling out secondary causes of increased intracranial pressure. In addition, there is now ample evidence that the previously held belief that imaging of patients with IIH should be normal is incorrect but rather that there are several subtle findings that radiologists need to look for. These findings include a partially empty sella, flattening of the posterior globe, cupping of optic disks and distension of the optic nerve sheaths. In addition, the role of intracranial venography is playing an ever increasing role due to the finding that a very high percentage of patients have dural venous sinus stenoses. It is becoming clear that there is potentially true morbidity associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The earlier the disease can be diagnosed, the earlier treatment can be started to minimalize permanent visual changes including blindness. Treatment varies from institution to institution due to the fact that multiple specialists with different perspectives treat these patients. Knowledge of subtle imaging features associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension can help radiologists establish the diagnosis earlier and potentially prevent complications of this disorder. However imaging has not as of yet been shown to be beneficial in managing patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.