Effective formalism for open-quantum-system dynamics: Time-coarse-graining approach

We formulate an effective-description framework for the dynamics of open quantum systems by extending the time-coarse-graining formalism to open systems. Our coarse-graining procedure efficiently removes high-frequency processes which are responsible for coherences between lower-and upper-manifold states and are irrelevant when considering only low-energy dynamics. We investigate the regime of validity of the resulting coarse-grained master equation by applying it to multilevel atoms driven by far-detuned lasers. Except for such high-frequency coherences, we find good agreement between the exact and coarse-grained dynamics unless the driving lasers are too strong or the initial high-frequency coherences are sizable.