Photogrammetric retrieval and analysis of small scale sea ice topography during summer melt

The paper presents a setup for photogrammetric retrievals of small scale sea ice surface topography using low-altitude aerial imagery. The setup features two digital cameras, a combined GPS receiver/inertial navigation system (INS) unit, and a laser range finder. The components are fit in a single aerodynamic enclosure mounted outside a helicopter cabin. Results from its first deployment during the field campaign on Arctic sea ice north of Svalbard during summer 2012 are shown. Comparison of photogrammetrically derived digital elevation models (DEMs) with in situ measurements of sea ice topography made on melting first year sea ice demonstrated the ability of the method to accurately recover the topography of sea ice including melt ponds with depths down to at least 03m. The inter-comparison of the photogrammetrically derived DEM and in situ measured elevations yielded estimates of a root mean square error (RMS) of about 0.04m and bias of 0.03m, both for sea ice freeboard and melt pond depths. The bimodality of the probability density function of measured melt pond depths was also accurately reproduced in the reconstructed DEM. Discrepancies between the measured and DEM distributions were within the range of the inferred uncertainty of the photogrammetric and in situ techniques, with some of the bias likely associated with sea ice melt during the time elapsed between in situ and aerial measurements. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.