Determining depletion interactions by contracting forces

Depletion forces are fundamental for determining the phase behavior of a vast number of materials and colloidal dispersions and have been used for the manipulation of in- and out-of-equilibrium thermodynamic states. The entropic nature of depletion forces is well understood; however, most theoretical approaches, and also molecular simulations, work quantitatively at moderate size ratios in much diluted systems since large size asymmetries and high particle concentrations are difficult to deal with. The existing approaches for integrating out the degrees of freedom of the depletant species may fail under these extreme physical conditions. Thus, the main goal of this contribution is to introduce a general physical formulation for obtaining the depletion forces even in those cases where the concentration of all species is relevant. We show that the contraction of the bare forces uniquely determines depletion interactions. Our formulation is tested by studying depletion forces in binary and ternary colloidal mixtures. We report here results for dense systems with total packing fractions of 45% and 55%. Our results open up the possibility of finding an efficient route to determine effective interactions at a finite concentration, even under non-equilibrium thermodynamic conditions. Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.