Late Quaternary deep water circulation in the South Atlantic: Reconstruction from carbonate dissolution and benthic stable isotopes

Carbonate dissolution data (sand contents) and delta(13)C records of the epibenthic foraminifer Cibicides wuellerstorfi from 12 gravity cores are used to reconstruct the history of deep water circulation in the South Atlantic for the last 360,000 years. The cores were selected from depth-sections in four basins (Brasil-, Guinea-, Angola- and Cape Basins) in water depths between 2900 m and 4600 m. The depth-transect approach allows removal of mean global shifts as well as local productivity effects from the paleo-property records and extraction of variations which are due to changes in deep water chemistry and/or circulation in the South Atlantic. As a result of the reduction of NADW during the last glacial maximum the Southern Component Water was higher in the water column and extended farther north than it does today. This glacial water mass can be divided into an upper part (USCW) with delta(13)C values between 0.2 parts per thousand and 0.7 parts per thousand and a lower part (LSCW) characterized by values of -0.2 parts per thousand to 0.2 parts per thousand. The boundary, marked also by the calcite lysocline, was at 3800 m water depth near the equator and rose slightly toward the Southern Ocean. The asymmetry observed in bottom water circulation today (LCDW in western basins and in the Cape Basin, NADW in eastern basins below 4000 m) was not present. From comparison to a deep western Pacific core (ODP 806B; Bickert et al. 1993) there is evidence that the nutrient-enriched but oxygen-depleted LSCW resembles the glacial Pacific Deep Water. This is also true for the older glacial stages 4, 6, 8 and 10.