Influence of Vitamin D Supplementation by Sunlight or Oral D3 on Exercise Performance

Purpose To determine the relationship between vitamin D status and exercise performance in a large, prospective cohort study of young men and women across seasons (study 1). Then, in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, to investigate the effects on exercise performance of achieving vitamin D sufficiency (serum 25(OH)D 50 nmol L -1) by a unique comparison of safe, simulated-sunlight and oral vitamin D-3 supplementation in wintertime (study 2). Methods In study 1, we determined 25(OH)D relationship with exercise performance in 967 military recruits. In study 2, 137 men received either placebo, simulated sunlight (1.3x standard erythemal dose in T-shirt and shorts, three times per week for 4 wk and then once per week for 8 wk) or oral vitamin D-3 (1000 IU d( -1) for 4 wk and then 400 IU d( -1) for 8 wk). We measured serum 25(OH)D by high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and endurance, strength and power by 1.5-mile run, maximum dynamic lift and vertical jump, respectively. Results In study 1, only 9% of men and 36% of women were vitamin D sufficient during wintertime. After controlling for body composition, smoking, and season, 25(OH)D was positively associated with endurance performance (P 0.01, R-2 = 0.03-0.06, small f(2) effect sizes): 1.5-mile run time was similar to half a second faster for every 1 nmol L -1 increase in 25(OH)D. No significant effects on strength or power emerged (P > 0.05). In study 2, safe simulated sunlight and oral vitamin D-3 supplementation were similarly effective in achieving vitamin D sufficiency in almost all (97%); however, this did not improve exercise performance (P > 0.05). Conclusions Vitamin D status was associated with endurance performance but not strength or power in a prospective cohort study. Achieving vitamin D sufficiency via safe, simulated summer sunlight, or oral vitamin D-3 supplementation did not improve exercise performance in a randomized-controlled trial.