Hypothyroidism in the "Arnolfini Portrait" (1434) by Jan Van Eyck (1390-1441)

Background The Arnolfini portrait painted by Jan van Eyck in 1434 remains one of the most puzzling yet alluring paintings of prerenaissance western art. Purpose The painting is renowned for its exactitude in brush strokes, textures and the distinctive morphology of the main character Arnolfini. The nature of these requires pathological consideration. Methods Diagnostic and pathological analysis of the painting. Results A number of pathological abnormalities are noted in the face of the main character including loss of outer third of the eyebrow (Sign of Hertoghe), bilateral ptosis and melasma of the forehead. These together support a diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Conclusions This novel diagnosis offers an additional perspective to this enigmatic portrait, and can add to the comprehension of the method, origin and pathological associations of this prominent painting from a genius artist.