A comprehensive review on electric vehicles integrated in virtual power plants

A virtual power plant is a system that integrates different types of distributed energy resources to achieve the rational and optimized allocation and utilization of resources. As energy consumers and providers, electric vehicles (EVs) play a crucial role in the operation and scheduling of virtual power plants (VPPs). In this review, the integration of EVs and electric vehicles is systematically summarized, focusing specifically on different types of EVs and the combination of various distributed energy sources. The uncertainties and constraints associated with the use of EVs in VPPs are systematically summarized, and the scheduling methods for the optimization of VPPs with EVs are analyzed and compared. Finally, the real cases and the future trend of EVs integrated in VPP are studied and analyzed. This review provides references for research on the integration of EVs into VPPs.