Burden of invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in Bamako, Mali -: Impetus for routine infant immunization with conjugate vaccine

Background: Population-based, bacteriologically confirmed disease burden data aid decision makers in African countries pondering whether to introduce Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) immunization for infants. Methods: A bacteriology laboratory was established in Hopital Gabriel Toure, serving Bamako, Mali. Children age 0-15 years with fever >= 39 degrees C or syndromes compatible with invasive bacterial disease (meningitis, etc.) were eligible. From 2 to 5 mL of blood or relevant body fluid were inoculated into Bactec Ped Plus/F medium for automated culture; body fluids were also inoculated directly onto solid media. Hib was confirmed by standard microbiologic techniques and antibiograms generated by disk diffusion. Results: From June 1, 2002 to May 31, 2004, 3 592 (87.8%) of 4092 children admitted to Hopital Gabriel Tour with high fever or suspected invasive bacterial disease were cultured, including 1745 who were 0-11 months old, 1132 who were 1-4 years old and 715 who were 5-15 years old. Hib was isolated from 207 Bamako children, 81 from blood alone and 124 from cerebrospinal fluid (with or without positive blood culture). Of 207 cases 204 (98.5%) occurred in children younger than age 5 years (annual incidence, 45.2/10(5)) and 159 (77%) in infants age 0-11 months (annual incidence, 158.4/10(5)). Peak incidence (370.0 cases/10(5)) and 12 of 21 Hib deaths occurred in 6- to 7-month-olds. Of the Hib isolates, 11.1% were resistant to ampicillin, 32% to chloramphenicol and 0.5% to ceftriaxone. Conclusions: The substantial burden of invasive Hib disease documented in Bamako has prompted the Malian government to introduce routine infant immunization with Hib conjugate.