Entropy generation and curvature effect on peristaltic thrusting of (Cu-Al2O3) hybrid nanofluid in resilient channel: Nonlinear analysis

The pharyngeal stage of bolus transport or blood motion in the arteries cannot ignore the effect of curvature and inertial forces in peristaltic channels. Thus, the nonlinear curvature of peristaltic pumping becomes significant when the moving wall induces a curvilinear fluid motion at infinite Reynolds numbers, also the intrauterine fluid flow in the case of curvature nonpregnant uterus is an application of it. Hybrid nanofluids are new types of nanofluids, which can be produced by the suspension of multiple kinds of nanoparticles in base fluids. A hybrid nanomaterial is a substance that contains chemical and physical features of multiple materials together and gives these features in a homogeneous phase. The synthetic hybrid nanomaterial reveals significant physio-chemical features that do not present in the individual components. In this investigation, the flow of an incompressible viscous fluid driven by sinusoidal waves moves on boundaries of the symmetric channel is studied when inertia and streamline curvature effects are not negligible, where the flow of Al2O3 nanofluid and (Cu-Al2O3) hybrid nanofluid has been utilized to investigate the axial and normal behavior of velocities and heat transfer. An approximate solution to the second-order in the wavenumber (giving the curvature effect) is obtained. To transform the variable cross-section of the channel to a uniform cross-section, we used a domain transformation, and this facilitates an easy way of getting a closed-form of solutions to higher orders. Also, the pressure gradient and time flow rate relations are obtained. The influence of various biophysical parameters has been demonstrated through the graphs. All flow properties, temperature profile, and rate of heat transfer at the walls are greatly influenced by the presence of copper nanofluid. Furthermore, we observed that the case of spherical-shaped nanoparticles provides a better heat transfer ability as compared to the case of cylindrically shaped nanoparticles. The effects of inertia and curvature are discussed and compared with some previous results in the literature.