Effect of ethanol on reductions in norepinephrine electrochemical signal in the rostral ventrolateral medulla and hypotension elicited by I1-receptor activation in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Background: The mechanism of the antagonistic hemodynamic interaction between ethanol and centrally acting sympatholytics is not known. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the imidazoline (I-1)-receptor modulation of norepinephrine (NE) release within the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) plays a pivotal role in this clinically relevant hemodynamic interaction. Method: In anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats, the effects of centrally acting sympatholytics on RVLM NE electrochemical signal were investigated by in vivo electrochemistry along with cardiovascular responses in the absence and presence of ethanol. In vivo microdialysis in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats was used to confirm the electrochemical findings. Results: Clonidine (30 mug/kg, intravenously) or rilmenidine (400, 600, or 800 mug/kg) significantly reduced RVLM NE electrochemical signal (index of neuronal activity) and mean arterial pressure; rilmenidine effects were dose-related, and ethanol (1 g/kg) counteracted these responses. Ethanol (I g/kg) pretreatment increased both RVLM NE electrochemical signal and blood pressure but did not influence the reductions in both variables elicited by subsequently administered clonidine. The alpha(2)-adrenergic antagonist 2-methoxyidazoxan (30 mug/kg) counteracted rilmenidine (800 mug/kg)-evoked responses. In vivo microdialysis in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats confirmed the electrochemical findings since clonidine(30 mug/kg, intravenously) evoked reductions in RVLM NE and the associated hypotension were counteracted by ethanol (1 g/kg). Conclusions: (1) Ethanol counteracts centrally mediated hypotension, at least in part, by increasing RVLM NE; (2) the interaction involves the 1, receptor modulation of RVLM neuronal activity; (3) the a2-adrenergic receptor contributes to the electrochemical and cardiovascular effects of high doses of rilmenidine, and (4) the RVLM is a neuroanatomical target for systemically administered ethanol.