Evidence for Partial Migration in the Southern Monarch Butterfly, Danaus erippus, in Bolivia and Argentina

被引:16
|
作者
Slager, Benjamin H. [1 ]
Malcolm, Stephen B. [1 ]
机构
[1] Western Michigan Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA
关键词
egg loads; flight orientation; life-history variation; lipids; migration; milkweed; plant-herbivore interaction; wing length; wing load; PLEXIPPUS L; LEPIDOPTERA; MORPHOLOGY;
D O I
10.1111/btp.12206
中图分类号
Q14 [生态学(生物生态学)];
学科分类号
071012 ; 0713 ;
摘要
Migration is a common life-history strategy that includes traits such as directed flight, increased wing size, seasonal lipid deposition and reproductive arrest. The degree of investment in these traits ultimately determines the life-history strategy of individuals. Partial migration is a common mixed life-history strategy where species or populations consist of both migrant and resident individuals. While this phenomenon is widespread across taxa, the ecological factors that select for and maintain partial migration are poorly understood, especially among insects. Here, we investigate regional life-history traits associated with migration in the southern monarch, Danaus erippus, and describe a mixed life-history strategy in this butterfly. Individuals from the Bolivian lowlands were observed throughout the year exhibiting mate- and milkweed-directed behaviors. These butterflies had smaller wings, lower wing loads and maintained constant lipid and egg loads across summer and autumn months. Danaus erippus in the highlands of the Bolivian Andes were observed only in the summer and autumn months, during which they also showed mate- and milkweed-directed behaviors. These individuals possessed similar-sized wings and maintained similar lipid and egg loads as the lowland butterflies. In contrast, individuals from northwest Argentina showed persistent, directed, southwesterly flight during the autumn (March-May), larger wing size, higher wing loads, and increased autumn lipid deposition along with decreased egg production. These data indicate that D.erippus utilizes a mixed life-history strategy with a combination of residents and migrants in the Bolivian lowlands, elevational migrants in the Bolivian Andes, and latitudinal migrants in northwestern Argentina. Resumen La migracion es una estrategia de historia de vida utilizada frecuentemente que incluyecaracteristicas tales como el vuelo dirigido, el aumento del tamano del ala, el aumento de lipidos y el paro de la actividad reproductiva por temporadas. La estrategia de historia de vida de los individuos esta determinada por el grado de inversion de los mismos con cada una de estas caracteristicas. La migracion parcial es una estrategia de historia de vida mixta muy comun en la cual las especies o poblaciones estan conformadas por algunos individuos migratorios y otros residentes. A pesar de que este fenomeno es comun entre los taxa, los factores ecologicos que seleccionan y mantienen la migracion parcial no han sido propiamente estudiados, especialmente en los insectos. Este ensayo investiga las caracteristicas regionales de la historia de vida asociadas con la migracion de la monarca del sur,Danaus erippus, y describe una estrategia de historia de vida mixta en esta mariposa. Se observaron individuos de la zona baja de Bolivia a lo largo del ano, y estos exhibieron comportamientos caracteristicos del apareamiento -vuelo irregular- y de la cercania a las hierbas de leche (Asclepiasspp.). Estas mariposas tenian alas mas cortas y mantuvieron cargas constantes de lipidos y ovulos durante los meses de verano y otono. LasD.erippusde los terrenos altos de los Andes bolivianos fueron observadas solo en los meses de verano y otono, durante los cuales tambien demostraron comportamientos caracteristicos del apareamiento -vuelo irregular- y de la cercania a las hierbas de leche. Estos individuos tenian tamanos de alasy cargas de lipidos y ovulos similares a los de las mariposas de las zonas bajas. Por el contrario, los individuos del noroeste argentino presentaron un vuelo dirigido y persistente, hacia el sur-oeste, durante el otono (marzo-mayo), asi como tambien alas de mayor tamano, y un aumento en la cantidad de lipidos durante el otono conjuntamente con una disminucion de la produccion de ovulos. Estos datos indican que D.erippus utiliza una estrategia de historia de vida mixta con una combinacion de individuos residentes y migratorios en las zonas bajas de Bolivia, migratorios en las elevaciones de los Andes bolivianos y migratorios latitudinales en el noroeste de Argentina.
引用
收藏
页码:355 / 362
页数:8
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