Chemical aspects of water and wastewater treatments by bridging physics and mathematics with chemistry

Chemistry is an essential knowledge as well as a mighty tool for water and wastewater treatment technologies and systems. Plenty of phenomena on water and wastewater treatment processes remain unsolved on the chemistry base. Many converging technologies may be created in the field of wafer and wastewater treatments by bridging mathematics, physics, biology and engineering with chemistry. Coagulation, flocculation, hindered settling with flocculation, and gravitational thickening of sludge are explained, which need to be formulated by bridging them with chemistry, and a new device for removal of solutes and a new device for nitrification are expressed to create converging technologies.